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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a dielectric part in which a plurality of dielectric materials is imbricated, at least one of which is in the solid state, and having at least one relative electromagnetic constant εr, μr of different values. by selecting (15) a nesting structure formed of a three-dimensional solid network consisting of meshes of at least one solid dielectric material. The dielectric part is produced (16) by three-dimensional printing of the three-dimensional solid network so that the part has at least one determined tensor [εr], [μr] of at least one relative electromagnetic constant εr, μr.
    公开号:FR3029695A1
    申请号:FR1462076
    申请日:2014-12-08
    公开日:2016-06-10
    发明作者:Nicolas Capet
    申请人:Centre National dEtudes Spatiales CNES；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a solid dielectric part having at least one determined tensor [,], [μ4] of FIG. at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr, gr, by interleaving several dielectric materials of which at least one is in the solid state. It extends to a solid dielectric part thus manufactured. In certain applications such as miniaturized antennas formed of metamaterials for transmissions in the microwave domain (frequencies greater than 100 MHz), it is sought to use dielectric substrates having electromagnetic characteristics determined so that the dielectric substrate itself presents a certain electrical and / or magnetic response to an electric and / or magnetic field. It is known that it is possible to control the effective value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant (relative dielectric permittivity and / or relative magnetic permeability) of a dielectric part by interleaving several dielectric materials having different values for this electromagnetic constant. relative. Such imbrication can be carried out according to various known methods, in particular by chemical means; by soil gel; by engraving, drilling (micro machining); or by molding (for example US 2014/0057072) ... The chemical or sol gel methods do not make it possible to precisely control the interlocking structure of the materials, and therefore the effective value of an electromagnetic constant and its gradient and / or its anisotropy within the dielectric part. In particular, they do not make it possible to obtain values of an electromagnetic constant distributed according to a determined tensor. In addition, the results obtained are most often highly dispersed, the accuracy of the effective value of the electromagnetic constant can only be guaranteed with a precision which is at best of the order of 10%. This low reliability prevents their use in the fields in which the manufacturing processes and / or the dielectric parts must be certified, for example in the space or aeronautical industry. Some mechanical processes (engraving, drilling, molding, etc.) make it possible to control the nesting structure. Nevertheless, this control is not very precise, and requires long, complex and expensive steps, especially when one wants to obtain a large gradient and / or strong anisotropy within the room. In addition, the inventor has determined that it may be advantageous, at least in some applications, to incorporate at least one dielectric material in the fluid (i.e., liquid and / or gaseous) state into such a dielectric piece. For example, in space applications, when one of the dielectric materials is atmospheric air incorporated into cells of a solid dielectric material during ground-based fabrication of the dielectric piece, it is appropriate to provide either a total absence of degassing, perfect degassing of the entire dielectric part, including its core, when the latter is placed in the vacuum. In addition the incorporation of a heat transfer fluid within the room can allow efficient and precise thermal control. Nevertheless, such incorporation requires simultaneous freedom in the geometry and dimensions of the nesting structure, and very high accuracy in practical realization. The invention therefore aims to overcome these disadvantages. It aims in particular to provide a method of manufacturing a dielectric part allowing precise control of the value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant at any point of the dielectric part, and in particular with gradients and / or anisotropies of this value, that is to say a tensor distribution of values of this electromagnetic constant in the volume of the dielectric piece. It thus aims to propose a method of manufacturing a dielectric part having at least one tensor [el [gr]] determined by at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr (ur), that is to say having a tensor of 3029695 3 effective relative dielectric permittivity [gr] and / or an effective relative magnetic permeability tensor har1) whose values can be precisely determined. It aims in this respect in particular to allow certification of the manufacturing process and / or characteristics of the dielectric part compatible with the regulatory requirements, particularly in the fields of the space or aeronautical industry. It is more particularly intended to propose a method for manufacturing a dielectric part intended to be used in the microwave domain, that is to say for frequencies greater than 100 MHz and / or for wavelengths included. between 3 mm and 3 m. It also aims at proposing a method of manufacturing a dielectric part making it possible to obtain a uniform incorporation in said part of at least one dielectric material in the fluid state that can be chosen from among numerous liquid and / or gaseous compositions (including including the space vacuum).
    [0002] Throughout the text, we adopt the following terminology: - electromagnetic constant: dielectric permittivity or magnetic permeability, - fluid: liquid and / or gas (including space vacuum), - mesh: any polyhedral geometric pattern (c ') that is, having flat faces or at least a portion of the faces may be left) and / or polygonal (i.e., having sides or edges that are straight line segments or at least one of which part of the sides or edges may be curved) of a finite part of a solid network, - elementary mesh: any mesh making it possible to generate at least one zone of a solid network by homothetic translation of ratio equal or not to 1, - peripheral meshes: meshes located on the periphery of a dielectric part, - non-peripheral meshes: meshes other than the peripheral meshes, 30 - curved polyhedral mesh: meshes having the shape of a curved polyhedron that is, having at least one left face and / or at least one curved edge, - solid wall of a solid three-dimensional network: any solid portion of the network; it may be as well a full face or openwork, or a more or less thick edge. The invention therefore relates to a method of manufacturing a dielectric part in which a plurality of dielectric materials, at least one of which is in the solid state, is imbricated, said dielectric materials having at least one relative electromagnetic constant, read, of different values, characterized in that: - said interleaving is carried out by choosing: o a nesting structure of said dielectric materials formed of a three-dimensional solid network consisting of cells of at least one, in the state solid, said dielectric materials, and dielectric materials adapted to enable three-dimensional solid network to be manufactured by three-dimensional printing of each solid dielectric material, the dielectric part is produced by three-dimensional printing of the three-dimensional solid network, so that the dielectric piece has at least one tensor [er], [gr] determined 20 from The invention also extends to a dielectric part obtained by a method according to the invention. It therefore also relates to a dielectric part comprising an interweaving of several dielectric materials, at least one of which is in the solid state, and having at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr, lu, of different values, characterized in that said interlocking is made according to a nesting structure of said dielectric materials formed of a three-dimensional solid network: - consisting of meshes of at least one, in the solid state, of said dielectric materials, - printed by three-dimensional printing, 3029695 5 so that it has at least one determined tensor [Cr], [4] of at least one relative electromagnetic constant 6r 'pr. The invention also extends to a method of manufacturing a dielectric part according to the invention.
    [0003] Furthermore, advantageously and according to the invention, at least one of the dielectric materials in the fluid state is selected. The three-dimensional solid network incorporates each dielectric material in the fluid state in its mesh. The three-dimensional solid lattice and the dielectric materials are chosen to allow the incorporation of each fluid dielectric material into the three-dimensional solid lattice mesh. This incorporation can be performed during three-dimensional printing and / or in a subsequent step of incorporation. Advantageously and according to the invention, at least one of the dielectric materials in the fluid state is chosen, and a three-dimensional solid network having at least one open mesh in at least two different directions forming between them a non-zero angle different from 180 °. In this way, a nonlinear fluid circuit (s) can be created within the dielectric piece. It has been found that providing openings of the meshes of a three-dimensional solid network in at least two distinct non-collinear directions of the space makes it possible to organize a circulation of fluid within at least part of this network. Three-dimensional solid. Such a circulation makes it possible to incorporate one or more fluid (s) within at least a part of the three-dimensional solid network, in a uniform manner, for the manufacture of the dielectric piece. It also makes it possible to provide a flow of fluid (s) through and / or within at least a portion of the solid three-dimensional network during use of the workpiece. It may be for example (non-limiting list) heat transfer fluids, conductive liquids, electrolytes, liquid crystals, ionized gases (plasmas) ... It should be noted that the invention also allows in particular to vary the properties of at least one such fluid, and therefore the dielectric piece, over time. In certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, at least one of the dielectric materials in the fluid state is chosen, and a three-dimensional solid network of which all the non-peripheral meshes are open in at least two directions. different from the space forming between them a non-zero angle different from 180 °. In other embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, only a part of the non-peripheral meshes of said three-dimensional solid network is open in at least two different non-collinear directions of space (forming between them a different non-zero angle of 180 °). For example, it is possible to define at least one internal circuit, loop or not, fluid circulation in a room according to the invention. An open face is polygonal in the sense defined above.
    [0004] In certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, a three-dimensional solid network is chosen in which all non-peripheral meshes have the same geometrical pattern, or even are identical (same geometric pattern and same dimensions). In other embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention the non-peripheral meshes of said three-dimensional solid network are not all identical, or do not all have the same geometric pattern. For example, the network may be formed of a plurality of juxtaposed subnetworks each formed of non-peripheral meshes of the same geometric pattern. In some embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, a three-dimensional solid network is selected from the group consisting of arrays having mesh having solid walls arranged and included in straight polyhedral mesh faces and arrays having arranged solid walls. included in curved polyhedral mesh faces. In particular, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, said three-dimensional solid network is chosen from the group consisting of hexahedral-especially parallelepipedic, in particular regular cubic-open-meshed networks, of hexahedral mesh networks. particularly parallelepipedal, in particular cubic-regular having certain closed faces, hexahedral mesh networks 30-especially parallelepipedic, in particular cubic-irregular open-faced, networks hexahedral meshes - especially parallelepipedic, in particular cubic- irregular having some closed faces, open-face regular tetrahedral lattice networks, regular tetrahedral lattice lattices, open-face irregular tetrahedral lattice lattices, irregular tetrahedral lattice lattices with closed faces, regular open-face octahedral lattices, regular closed-face octahedral lattices, open-face irregular octahedral lattice lattices, irregular lattice lattices with certain closed faces, open-faced regular hexahedral mesh networks, regular hexaedric mesh networks having certain closed faces, open-faced irregular hexahedral mesh networks, irregular hexahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces, regular dodecahedral mesh networks with faces open, regular dodecahedral mesh networks having some closed faces, open-faced irregular dodecahedral mesh networks, irregular dodecahedral mesh networks having some closed faces, mesh networks regular open-face saedrics, regular icosahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces, open faced irregular icosahedral mesh networks, irregular icosahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces, curved variants and combinations thereof. Other three-dimensional solid networks can be used. Moreover, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, the three-dimensional solid network comprises at least one open mesh in at least three different non-collinear directions-in particular three directions orthogonal to each other. In particular, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, each open mesh of said three-dimensional solid network is open in at least three different non-collinear directions - in particular three directions orthogonal to each other. In this way at least one fluid can flow in these three directions through and / or within the room.
    [0005] In some embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, a three-dimensional solid network is selected from the group consisting of arrays having meshes having apertures in each of the polyhedral mesh faces. Moreover, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, each opening of each face of a polyhedron mesh of the three-dimensional solid network has an area greater than the total area of the face which incorporates it. Thus, the flow of fluid through these openings is favored. The solid walls are sized to meet the minimum mechanical characteristics desired for the part. Moreover, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, as dielectric materials, air is chosen and a solid dielectric material capable of being printed by three-dimensional printing according to said three-dimensional solid network. The nesting structure thus comprises a three-dimensional solid network of a solid dielectric material capable of being printed by three-dimensional printing, the meshes of which incorporate air cells and are open in at least two distinct directions-especially in three orthogonal directions. and / or on each of the faces of these meshes. Nothing prevents of course to provide other dielectric materials, alternatively or in combination. Furthermore, in some embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, at least one of said solid state dielectric materials is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, fluorides, silicides, titanates, sulfides, synthetic polymers and mixtures thereof. Nothing prevents of course to provide other dielectric materials, alternatively or in combination.
    [0006] Furthermore, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, a three-dimensional printing chosen from the group consisting of additive manufacturing (AM), layer additive manufacturing (ALM) and selective laser melting is used. (SLM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Hot Sintering (SHS), Molten Deposition Modeling (FDM or DIW), Multiple Jet Modeling (MJM), Stereolithography 3029695 9 (SLA) , laminated object manufacturing (LOM) and film transfer imaging (FTI). Moreover, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, said nesting structure is arranged such that each homogeneous zone of one of said dielectric materials has in any direction of space a maximum dimension of less than one value year, a, = a. 4, where a is a real number less than 10, in particular less than 1, in particular less than 0.1, and is the wavelength of an electromagnetic radiation to which a dielectric part according to the invention is adapted.
    [0007] In other words, for a predetermined average value frequency fo, an, a, = aC / (n.fo) where n is the index of a medium in which the dielectric part is intended to be used, and C is the speed of light in the void.
    [0008] In particular, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention) being between 3 mm and 3 m, year, a, is between 50 μm and 50 cm. Thus, in certain embodiments of a method according to the invention, a nesting structure of the dielectric materials is chosen according to a three-dimensional solid network: - adapted to allow the dielectric part to be manufactured by three-dimensional printing, - forming a spatial distribution of the dielectric materials adapted to obtain an effective relative dielectric permittivity tensor [gr] and / or an effective relative magnetic permeability tensor 441, - wherein each homogeneous area of one of said dielectric materials has, for a length of predetermined wave 4, in any direction of space a maximum dimension less than a year, a, = a. 4, where a is a real number less than 10, in particular less than 1, in particular less than 0.1-.
    [0009] Thus, the invention makes it possible to obtain a dielectric part incorporating at least one dielectric fluid in precisely controlled manner, which can be uniform in at least part of the part, forming a circulation circuit and / or enclosure of each dielectric fluid, while having an effective relative dielectric permittivity tensor [gr] and / or an effective relative magnetic permeability tensor 441 which can be determined (s).
    [0010] A dielectric part according to the invention may furthermore have peripheral walls which are completely closed and hermetic to each fluid dielectric material which it contains; or on the contrary have peripheral walls at least partially open allowing the circulation of at least one fluid dielectric material through the dielectric part; even have peripheral walls fully open. Each dielectric material in the fluid state may be incorporated within the three-dimensional solid network, in particular by suction, injection (in particular vacuum injection), pumping, etc. The invention also makes it possible in particular to precisely control the mechanical characteristics and / or the thermal characteristics and / or the optical characteristics and / or the dielectric characteristics and / or the magnetic characteristics of a dielectric part. The mechanical characteristics are determined by those of the three-dimensional solid network and the choice of each solid dielectric material. The thermal characteristics are determined by that of each of the dielectric materials constituting the dielectric part according to the invention, and in particular by a suitable choice of at least one dielectric material in the fluid state. The optical characteristics are determined by the choice of the optical properties of each of the dielectric materials constituting the part according to the invention. The effective dielectric characteristics are determined by the choice of the dielectric characteristics of each of the dielectric materials constituting the part according to the invention, and by the choice of the nesting structure of these dielectric materials.
    [0011] In particular, it should be noted that providing openings of large area in the nesting structure may imply that Maxwell Garnett's theory of effective heterogeneous materials does not provide a reliable evaluation of the tensor effective relative dielectric permittivity, if the conditions of application of this theory are not satisfied. In this case other evaluation techniques may be used, such as for example that described in "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials", D. R. Smith et al, Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617, 2005. The effective magnetic characteristics are determined by the choice of the magnetic permeability of each of the dielectric materials constituting the part according to the invention, by the choice of the nesting structure of these dielectric materials. A dielectric part according to the invention can serve as an emitter and / or receiver of an electromagnetic and / or electric and / or magnetic field. It may especially be advantageously used in the microwave domain (frequencies greater than 100 MHz, especially between 1 GHz and 10 GHz), for example (non-limiting list) as: - substrate (this term also encompassing the covering substrates) so-called "superstrates") of antenna, dielectric lens, - radome, 20 - substrate or insulator for microwave electrical circuit, - dielectric resonator in a dielectric resonator filter. The invention also relates to a manufacturing method and a dielectric part and its applications characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below.
    [0012] Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following non-limiting description which refers to the appended figures in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the main steps of FIG. FIGS. 2 to 10 are perspective diagrams illustrating different examples of elementary mesh of a three-dimensional solid network of a dielectric part according to the invention, FIGS. 11 to 15 are perspective diagrams illustrating different embodiments of three-dimensional solid networks of a dielectric part according to the invention, - Figures 16 and 17 are diagrams of face and respectively of an example of a dielectric piece according to the invention in general form of disc.
    [0013] In a method according to the invention as represented in FIG. 1, in a first step 11, at least one desired value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant is chosen for a dielectric part to be manufactured, and at least one frequency fo and / or or at least one wavelength) of electromagnetic radiation to which the dielectric piece is to be adapted.
    [0014] It is possible to choose an effective desired value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant, this actual desired value being the same at any point of said dielectric part according to the invention. At each point M (x, y, z) of the volume of the dielectric part at least one desired value of relative dielectric permittivity 6r (x, y, z) and / or relative magnetic permeability la, (x, y, z) ) can be chosen clean at this point. A gradient of relative dielectric permittivity gr (x, y, z) and / or relative magnetic permeability la, (x, y, z) can thus be defined. In addition, the dielectric piece may exhibit anisotropy for at least one relative electromagnetic constant. Thus, at each point M, at least one desired value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant may also be dependent on a direction of propagation and / or incidence of electromagnetic radiation, so that at least one vector E, (x, y, z),, p, (x, y, z) can be defined for at least one relative electromagnetic constant at this point M. The values of the components of this vector can be constant for all the points of the volume of the dielectric piece, or on the contrary vary in the volume of the dielectric piece forming a gradient for the corresponding relative electromagnetic constant. Thus one can choose a spatial distribution tensor of at least one relative electromagnetic constant (an effective relative dielectric permittivity tensor [Cr] and / or an effective relative magnetic permeability tensor har1) in the volume of the dielectric piece. In general, the electromagnetic and / or electrical and / or magnetic radiation or field to which the dielectric piece is to be adapted is microwave, that is to say has a frequency greater than 100 MHz.
    [0015] In a second step 12, at least one dielectric material is selected in the solid state and at least one dielectric material in the fluid state (gaseous and / or liquid) constituting the dielectric part to be manufactured. Each dielectric material has a known value cry, lari of the relative electromagnetic constant (s), the known values cry, lari being different for the different dielectric materials and chosen so as to be able to obtain each desired value -particularly each spatial distribution tensor of said at least one relative electromagnetic constant- by interleaving the different dielectric materials. In particular, for each relative electromagnetic constant 20 whose effective value is to be controlled at any point of the dielectric part, at least one first dielectric material having a known value of this relative electromagnetic constant is chosen which is smaller than each desired value for this electromagnetic constant. relative, and at least one second dielectric material having a known value of this relative electromagnetic constant greater than each desired value for that relative electromagnetic constant. In certain advantageous embodiments, a dielectric material in the fluid state is chosen as the first dielectric material (that is to say of known value less than each desired value), and a dielectric material in the solid state. as the second dielectric material (i.e. of known value greater than each desired value).
    [0016] In most situations, it is possible to choose only one and only one dielectric material in the solid state, and one and only one dielectric material in the fluid state, in particular in the gaseous state, in particular the 'air. However, there is nothing to prevent the choice of a plurality of solid-state dielectric materials and / or a plurality of dielectric materials in the fluid state of similar or different natures, for example a gaseous dielectric material and a dielectric material in the liquid state. Furthermore, each solid state dielectric material is selected so that it can be printed by three-dimensional printing in a three-dimensional solid lattice of meshes of said solid state dielectric material. Such a network formed of polyhedral and / or polygonal meshes (in the above-mentioned sense) printed by three-dimensional printing makes it possible to control very precisely and very finely the effective value of at least one of each relative electromagnetic constant at any point in time. the dielectric part 15 and in any direction. Furthermore, advantageously, each solid-state dielectric material is chosen so that it can be printed by three-dimensional printing in a three-dimensional solid network having open meshes in at least two different non-collinear directions, that is to say forming between 20 they have a non-zero angle other than 180 °. In this way a fluid flow (in open or closed circuit) can be obtained within the dielectric part. In certain advantageous embodiments, at least one of said solid state dielectric materials is selected from the group consisting of inorganic ceramics (group of metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, fluorides, silicides). , titanates, sulfides and mixtures thereof), and synthetic polymers (in particular chosen from the group of thermoplastics (for example in the group of polyfluorocarbons such as PTFE, polyamides, FEP (perfluoroethylene propylene), PFA (perfluoroalkoxy), polyolefins such as polyethylenes, PPO® (polyphenylene oxide), hydrocarbon resins, photopolymers), and mixtures thereof.
    [0017] Furthermore, advantageously and according to the invention, at least one of said dielectric materials in the fluid state is atmospheric air. In some embodiments, a dielectric member according to the invention may be fabricated to have a completely hermetic peripheral outer envelope enclosing each dielectric material in the fluid state which remains embedded within the dielectric piece without being able to escape. Thus, it is possible to trap at least one gaseous and / or liquid composition inside a dielectric part according to the invention, within the three-dimensional solid network formed by each solid state dielectric material. Such a gaseous and / or liquid composition is for example selected from the group of heat transfer fluids, conductive liquids, electrolytes, liquid crystals, atmospheric gases and ionized gases. In some embodiments, a dielectric member according to the invention may be constructed to have peripheral through openings for at least one gaseous and / or liquid composition capable of circulating at least partially within the dielectric member. through the solid three-dimensional network formed by each dielectric material in the solid state. In particular, the three-dimensional solid network may be of the type forming open meshes at the periphery of the dielectric part, this three-dimensional solid network being placed in a gaseous and / or liquid composition volume filling the interior of this three-dimensional solid network. For example, said gaseous and / or liquid composition volume is the atmospheric environment prevailing around the dielectric part, for example the terrestrial atmosphere or the space vacuum. In certain embodiments, at least one dielectric material in the fluid state is a composition in the liquid state, especially selected from the group consisting of aqueous compositions, hydroalcoholic compositions, oils, solvents, and liquid crystals. . In some embodiments, at least one dielectric material in the fluid state is a composition in the gaseous state, especially selected from the group consisting of atmospheric gases and ionized gases (plasmas).
    [0018] In a third step 13, the characteristics of the nesting structure of the different dielectric materials are determined in order to be able to obtain each desired value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant, that is to say in particular the proportions of the different dielectric materials constituting the dielectric piece to be used to obtain each desired value of at least one relative electromagnetic constant. To do this, one can use in particular a theory known in itself such as the theory of heterogeneous effective media, for example the theory of Maxwell Garnett (see for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_medium_approximations ), 10 or any other theory that may be applicable to the present case. During this third step 13, a maximum dimension an, a, of each homogeneous zone of each dielectric material in any direction of space is also determined, according to the value of the wavelength 4 and / or the frequency of the predetermined average value fo, 15 year, a, = a. 4 = a. C / (n.fo) where a is a real number less than 10-in particular less than 1, in particular less than 0.1-, n is the index of a medium in which the dielectric piece is intended to be used , and C is the speed of light in a vacuum. Indeed, this maximum dimension a, a, allows in particular a sufficient application of the heterogeneous effective medium theory, so that the dielectric part actually has effective values of at least one electromagnetic constant corresponding to the interweaving of the different dielectric materials. In other words, the dielectric piece is equivalent to a homogeneous material in its effects vis-à-vis electromagnetic radiation.
    [0019] In particular, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention) being between 3 mm and 3 m, year, a, is between 50 μm and 50 cm. In the fourth step 14, mechanical characteristics and / or thermal characteristics and / or additional optical characteristics desired for the dielectric part to be manufactured are chosen, taking into account, however, mechanical and / or thermal and / or optical properties. dielectric materials previously selected. In the fifth step 15, a nesting structure is selected which on the one hand corresponds to the proportions and the maximum dimension 5 year, a, previously determined, and on the other hand, makes it possible to obtain the mechanical and and / or thermal and / or optical previously chosen. In particular, the geometry and the topology of said three-dimensional solid network are selected. This selection can be made using computer-aided design software for simulating said mechanical and / or thermal and / or optical characteristics. For example, said three-dimensional solid lattice is selected from the group consisting of hexahedral-especially parallelepipedic, in particular cubic-regular open-faced lattices, hexahedral-especially parallelepipedic, in particular cubic-regular lattices having certain closed faces. hexaedric-especially parallelepipedic, especially cubic-open-faced, especially parallelepipedic, hexahedral-especially parallelepipedic, particularly cubic-irregular mesh networks having certain closed faces, open-face regular tetrahedral mesh networks, lattice networks; with regular closed tetrahedral meshes, open-face irregular tetrahedral meshes, irregular tetrahedral meshes with closed faces, regular octahedral lattices with open faces, regular octahedral lattices having some closed faces, open-face irregular octahedral lattice lattices, irregular octahedral lattice lattices with some closed faces, regular open-face hexaedric lattice lattices, lattice lattices; regular hexahedral meshes having certain closed faces, open-faced irregular hexahedral mesh networks, irregular hexahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces, open-face regular dodecahedral mesh networks, regular dodecahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces , open-face irregular dodecahedral mesh networks, irregularly dodecahedral mesh networks having certain closed faces, regular open-face icosahedral mesh networks, icosahedral mesh networks; The present invention is characterized in that it has regular closed faces, open-face irregular icosahedral meshes, irregular icosahedral meshes with some closed faces, curved variants and combinations thereof. Other three-dimensional solid networks can be used. Moreover, in certain embodiments, the three-dimensional solid network comprises at least one open mesh in at least three different directions-in particular three directions orthogonal to each other. In particular, in certain embodiments, advantageously and according to the invention, each open mesh of said three-dimensional solid network is open in at least three different directions-in particular three directions orthogonal to each other. In this way at least one fluid can flow in these three directions through and / or within the room.
    [0020] In the sixth step 16, the dielectric piece thus determined is produced by three-dimensional printing. To do this, any three-dimensional printing technology may be considered, depending on the nature of the selected dielectric materials and the three-dimensional solid network. For example, it is possible to use a three-dimensional printing chosen from group 20 (non-limiting list) formed by additive manufacturing (AM), layer additive manufacturing (ALM), selective laser melting (SLM), selective laser sintering. (SLS), Hot Sintering (SHS), Molten Deposition Modeling (FDM or DIW), Multiple Jet Modeling (MJM), Stereolithography (SLA), Rolled Object Manufacturing (LOM) and film transfer imaging (FTI). During an optional seventh step 17, it is possible to incorporate at least one dielectric material in the fluid state within the three-dimensional solid network, for example by suction or injection under pressure. It is also possible, depending on the application, to hermetically close all or part of the periphery of the dielectric part by a hermetic envelope, for example by a coating of a hermetic curable composition applied in the periphery of the three-dimensional solid network, in particular by dipping or deposition, then being subjected to a hardening step. FIG. 2 is an example of a hexahedral elemental mesh that can be used to form a uniform three-dimensional solid network by repeating this elemental mesh formed of a solid dielectric material. The elementary mesh 20 is, in the example, a parallelepiped whose six faces have rectangular openings, the opposite faces having openings of identical dimensions and the adjacent faces having openings whose dimensions along the common edges are also identical. This parallelepipedal elemental mesh 20 has a height al, a length a2 and a width a3. The opening of longitudinal vertical faces 21 has a height b 1 and a length b 2. The opening of the lateral vertical faces 22 has a width b3 and a height b4. The opening of the longitudinal longitudinal faces 23 has a width b5 and a length b6. In the illustrated example, b4 = b1, b5 = b3, and b6 = b2. However, nothing prevents the provision of openings of different sizes between the adjacent faces, that is to say, b4 b1 and / or b5 b3 and / or b6 b2. FIG. 11 is an example of a three-dimensional solid lattice obtainable from this parallelepipedal elementary mesh which, in the example, is cubic, al-a2-a3-a and b1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6 - b. FIG. 12 is another example of a three-dimensional solid network, which differs from the previous one in that the elementary cell is shifted by a / 2 between two adjacent XY planes of mesh of the network. Figures 13 to 15 are further examples of a three-dimensional solid lattice corresponding to the elementary mesh of Figure 2 with different values of al, a2, a3 and b4 = b1, b5 = b3, and b6 = b2. Figure 3 shows another example of hexahedral (cubic) elementary mesh with truncated angles. FIG. 4 shows another example of elementary mesh 40 similar to FIG. 3 inscribed in a cube but in which the faces of the cube have median edges 45 intersected in their middle. FIG. 5 shows another example of an elementary mesh 50 inscribed in a cube whose faces have median intersecting ridges 55 and angles 54 truncated to the midpoints of the principal edges of the faces of the cube circumscribing the mesh 50 these truncated corners 54 being formed of solid walls. FIG. 6 shows another example of elementary mesh 60 inscribed in a cube whose faces have two concentric circular edges 66, 67 connected by four median ridge-forming edges 65. Figure 7 shows a tetrahedral elemental mesh 70. Figure 8 shows an octahedral elemental mesh 80. Figure 9 shows a dodecahedral elemental mesh 90. Figure 10 shows an icosahedral elemental mesh 100. These various elementary meshes can be used to generate three-dimensional solid networks, with some of their possibly solid faces, with openings of dimensions that can be variable or identical, with angles that can be truncated or not ... These different variants Geometric and topological techniques make it possible to vary the mechanical and / or thermal and / or optical and / or dielectric and / or magnetic characteristics of the dielectric piece thus obtained. The nesting structures thus formed can be manufactured by three-dimensional printing. The dielectric parts obtained are formed of a three-dimensional solid network whose elementary meshes have open faces 20 in at least two distinct non-collinear directions, which notably allows fluid to circulate inside the dielectric part. FIGS. 16 and 17 show an example of a dielectric part according to the invention in the general shape of a disk formed of a grating of the type shown in FIG. 13, the X direction of FIG. 13 being orthogonal to the main face 110 of the disk. , the disc comprising three layers 111 of identical meshes with open rectangular faces, and thus four stages 112 of rectangular faces oriented in the directions Y, Z of FIG. 13. The part comprises, at each level, 112 faces oriented in the directions Y, Z, a peripheral circular edge 113 to which the edges of the peripheral meshes are connected.
    [0021] As a variant not shown, it is possible to form within such a dielectric part one or more circuits enclosing one or more dielectric fluids, by closing off some of the mesh faces of the network. In particular, it is possible to form an open circuit opening at the periphery of the dielectric part and / or on one of its main faces to form one or more input ports and / or one or more output ports. In particular, it is also possible to form several independent circuits isolated from one another. EXAMPLES The effective electromagnetic constants of dielectric part mesh networks according to the invention are evaluated by the method described in the publication "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials", D. R. Smith et al., Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617, 2005. The working frequency fo is equal to 4GHz. The following table 1 gives the results obtained for the gratings of FIGS. 11 and 13 with open face parallelepiped mesh structure, with a ceramic (alumina) having a relative permittivity Er = 10.6 and a relative permeability thereof, 1 of solid dielectric material, and the air Er = 1, Jru = 1, as a fluid dielectric material. Network Mesh dimensions Effective permeability Effective permeability Figure 11 al = lmm E), f = 1.75 μr = 1 bl = b4 = 0.738mm EY = 1 '75 a2 = 2mm r b2 = b6 = 1.5mm Ez 75r , a3 = 0.5mm b3 = b5 = 0.4mm Figure 13 a = 0.5mm x [Ir = 1 bl = b4 = 0.48mm Er = 1.43 a2 = lmm E = 1 '44 b2 = b6 = 0.738 As can be seen, in the example of FIG. 11, effective electromagnetic constant values which are the same in all directions are obtained. , while the structure of the chosen network is not isotropic and allows in particular to vary the mechanical and / or thermal characteristics of the dielectric part according to the invention in the different directions of space. In the example of FIG. 13, it can be seen that it is possible to obtain different values of the dielectric permittivity in the different directions of space by choosing an appropriate structure of the network. A manufacturing method according to the invention can be subject to many variants. In particular, it is possible to use a plurality of simultaneously printed solid-state dielectric materials, a first dielectric material forming a three-dimensional solid network whose meshes are at least partially filled with another dielectric material in the solid state. It is also possible to use only solid state dielectric materials imbricated by three-dimensional printing, at least one of the solid state dielectric materials forming said three-dimensional solid network having meshes filled by at least one other material. dielectric in the solid state. A dielectric part according to the invention can serve as an emitter and / or receiver of an electromagnetic and / or electric and / or magnetic field and can also be the subject of numerous variants and various applications. It can in particular advantageously be used in the microwave domain (frequencies greater than 100 MHz, in particular between 1 GHz and 10 GHz), for example (non-limiting list) as: - substrate (this term also encompasses the substrates of antenna overlay, dielectric lens, radome, substrate or insulator for microwave electrical circuit, dielectric resonator in a dielectric resonator filter.
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [0001]
    CLAIMS 1 / - A method of manufacturing a dielectric part in which is imbricated several dielectric materials, at least one of which is in the solid state, said dielectric materials having at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr, lu, values different, characterized in that: - said nesting is carried out by choosing: o (15) a nesting structure of said dielectric materials formed of a three-dimensional solid network consisting of meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) of at least one solid state of said dielectric materials, o and (12) dielectric materials adapted to enable three dimensional solid network fabrication by three-dimensional printing of each solid dielectric material; the dielectric part is manufactured (3) by three-dimensional printing of the three-dimensional solid network, so that the dielectric part has at least one tensor [er], [gr] determined by at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr, lu ,.
    [0002]
    2 / - Method according to claim 1, characterized in that one chooses at least one of the dielectric materials in the fluid state, and a three-dimensional solid network having at least one mesh (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) open in at least two different directions forming between them a non-zero angle other than 180 °.
    [0003]
    3 / - Method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that one chooses at least one of the dielectric materials in the fluid state, and a three-dimensional solid network of which all the meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) are open in at least two different directions of space forming between them a non-zero angle other than 180 °.
    [0004]
    4 / - Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that one chooses a three-dimensional solid network of which all the meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) no devices have the same geometric pattern. 5 / - Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a three-dimensional solid network is selected from the group consisting of networks having meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 , 90, 100) having arranged solid walls included in straight polyhedral faces and arrays having arranged solid walls included in curved polyhedral mesh faces. 6 / - Method according to claim 5, characterized in that one chooses a three-dimensional solid network in the group formed of networks having meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) having openings in each of the polyhedral mesh faces. 7 / - Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that one chooses a three-dimensional solid network in the group formed of networks having meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 , 100) having solid walls arranged in polyhedral mesh faces and at least one opening in at least two distinct faces of the non-peripheral polyhedral meshes, and in that each opening of each face of a polyhedral mesh of the three-dimensional solid network has an area greater than the total area of the face that incorporates it. 8 / - Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that as dielectric materials is chosen air and a solid dielectric material capable of being printed by three-dimensional printing said three-dimensional solid network. 9 / - Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that at least one of said dielectric materials in the solid state is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides fluorides, silicides, titanates, sulfides, synthetic polymers and mixtures thereof. 10 / - Dielectric part comprising an interweaving of several dielectric materials, at least one of which is in the solid state, and having at least one relative electromagnetic constant of different values, characterized in that said nesting is carried out according to a nesting structure of said dielectric materials formed of a three-dimensional solid network: - consisting of meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) of at least one, at the solid state, of said dielectric materials, printed by three-dimensional printing, so that it has at least one determined tensor 441 of at least one relative electromagnetic constant gr, gr. 11 / - Part according to claim 10, characterized in that at least one of the dielectric materials is in the fluid state, and at least one mesh (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) of said three-dimensional solid network is open in at least two different directions forming between them a non-zero angle other than 180 °. 12 / - Part according to one of claims 10 or 11, characterized in that at least one of the dielectric materials is in the fluid state, and all the meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) of said three-dimensional solid lattice are open in at least two different directions of space forming between them a non-zero angle other than 180 °. 13 / - Part according to one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that all meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) non-peripheral said solid three-dimensional network have a same geometric pattern. 14 / - Part according to one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that said three-dimensional solid network is selected from the group consisting of networks having meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 ) having arranged solid walls embedded in straight polyhedral faces and arrays having mesh having solid walls arranged included in curved polyhedral mesh faces. 15 / - Part according to claim 14, characterized in that said three-dimensional solid network is selected from the group consisting of networks having polyhedral mesh (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) having openings in each of their faces. The part according to one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that said three-dimensional solid network is chosen from the group formed of networks having meshes (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) having arranged solid walls included in polyhedral mesh faces and at least one aperture in at least two distinct faces of the non-peripheral polyhedral meshes, and in that each aperture of each face of a polyhedron mesh of the network three-dimensional solid has an area greater than the total area of the face that incorporates it. 17 / - Part according to one of claims 10 to 16, characterized in that it comprises, as dielectric materials, air and a solid dielectric material printed by three-dimensional printing according to said three-dimensional solid network. 18 / - Part according to one of claims 10 to 17, characterized in that at least one of said solid state dielectric materials 15 is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides fluorides, silicides, titanates, sulfides, synthetic polymers and mixtures thereof.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    DK3231038T3|2020-04-14|
    WO2016092191A1|2016-06-16|
    ES2784328T3|2020-09-24|
    FR3029695B1|2017-12-08|
    EP3231038B1|2020-01-08|
    EP3231038A1|2017-10-18|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    EP2712027A1|2011-04-28|2014-03-26|Kuang-Chi Institute of Advanced Technology|Metamaterial dielectric substrate and processing method therefor|FR3092201A1|2019-01-29|2020-07-31|Anywaves|A method of manufacturing a radio frequency device comprising a solid three-dimensional network of dielectric meshes|
    FR3092205A1|2019-01-29|2020-07-31|Anywaves|A method of manufacturing a dielectric piece with a mesh forming a solid three-dimensional network by adding material|
    US10832753B2|2017-07-31|2020-11-10|General Electric Company|Components including structures having decoupled load paths|
    CN107716855B|2017-09-08|2020-08-11|机械科学研究总院先进制造技术研究中心|Forming method for sand mold self-adaptive gradient printing|
    法律状态:
    2015-12-31| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2016-06-10| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20160610 |
    2016-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2018-01-02| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2019-12-30| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2021-09-10| ST| Notification of lapse|Effective date: 20210806 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1462076A|FR3029695B1|2014-12-08|2014-12-08|METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A DIELECTRIC DEVICE WITH MESHS FORMING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID NETWORK AND DIELECTRIC PART THUS MANUFACTURED|FR1462076A| FR3029695B1|2014-12-08|2014-12-08|METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A DIELECTRIC DEVICE WITH MESHS FORMING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID NETWORK AND DIELECTRIC PART THUS MANUFACTURED|
    EP15817487.0A| EP3231038B1|2014-12-08|2015-12-07|Method for manufacturing a dielectric part with meshes forming a three-dimensional solid lattice and dielectric part thus manufactured|
    ES15817487T| ES2784328T3|2014-12-08|2015-12-07|Manufacturing process of a dielectric piece with meshes that form a solid three-dimensional network and a dielectric piece thus manufactured|
    PCT/FR2015/053361| WO2016092191A1|2014-12-08|2015-12-07|Method for manufacturing a dielectric part with meshes forming a three-dimensional solid lattice and dielectric part thus manufactured|
    DK15817487.0T| DK3231038T3|2014-12-08|2015-12-07|PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING A DIELECTRIC ELEMENT WITH NETS FORMING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID GRID NETWORK AND SO MANUFACTURING DIELECTRIC ELEMENT|
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